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Apr 28

以“总体战”捍卫国家利益是信息化与全球化时代的必然要求。但国内至今还有人简单地认为,“总体战”就是指陆、海、空、天、电五维战场的军事博弈;“总体战”只适于战争时期。事实上,“总体战”的本质是国家或民族间的总体力量对决,“总体战”早已是和平时期国际博弈的主要形式。

就战争而言,德国军事家埃里希•冯•鲁登道夫说,“总体战不单单是军队的事,它直接涉及到参战国每个人的生活和精神。”就和平年代的国际博弈来看,“总体战”不单单是政府的事,它延伸到“参战国”的所有领域,涉及所有组织和个人。当今的国际博弈往往在传媒、政治、经济、文化、社会、外交、军事、情报等领域同步展开,以整合型传播谋求最大影响力。

美国国防部长罗伯特•盖茨说,“从长远来看,我们无法通过杀戮或俘虏来夺取胜利。在20世纪,非军事行动——劝说和激励——是赢得意识形态对抗的重要武器。在21世纪同样如此,甚至更为重要。”为此,美国人致力于提升国家“巧实力”。美国国务卿克林顿•希拉里大力推行“全民外交”和“互联网外交”。

美国主流舆论要求工商、慈善、宗教、传媒、教育、文化、NGO乃至普通公民都肩负起外交使命。政治学者迈克尔•哈特和安东尼奥•内格雷认为,当今时代的权力主体不仅有传统的民族国家,还有超国家机构、非政府组织和资本(譬如跨国公司)。相对而言,中国尚未培育出多元化的国际博弈主体,目前的政府单一模式成本高、效益低。

和平时期的国际博弈主要体现为信息博弈。“总体战”原则要求综合考虑传播主体、传播渠道、传播对象、传播内容、传播目标和传播效果。一切以成本最小化、效益最大化为指针。对此,美国前副国务卿夏洛蒂•比尔斯直言不讳:“我会选择任何传播方式,只要它有效。”这和阿道夫•希特勒的格言“我会使用一切手段击败敌人”并无二致。

国际博弈的目标是保障国家利益最大化。无论针对公众还是精英,国际传播的主要目的是影响目标国家的决策者。美国政治学者加布里埃尔•阿尔蒙德把外交决策过程中的舆论主体分为四类:普通公众、关注问题的公众、舆论精英和政策精英。要影响目标国家的政策制订,就必须洞悉对方的舆论环境和决策机制,系统考虑利益相关者之间的相互影响。

加拿大学者赵月枝指出,“美国的文化统治已经演变成跨国公司文化的统治”;“传播系统是与军事和金融力量并列的帝国的三股主要支撑力量之一”;“帝国已把自己的触角深入到非政府非商业领域,把这些组织纳入自己的轨道,将其当作可变通的实现自己目标的途径。”换言之,帝国早已把新闻媒体、跨国企业、民间组织都改造成了“前端组织”,建立起了一个无孔不入的“影子国家”。

N渠道外交是当今国际交流的常态。美国前副国务卿凯伦•休斯主张通过“四个E”,即接触(Engage)、交流(Exchange)、教育(Education)和授权(Empower),来开展公共外交、保障国家利益。西方学者坦承,交战国的新闻媒体也往往处于冲突状态。即使在和平年代,每当国家利益冲突加剧时,新闻媒体和公共舆论也会彼此对立。但在双边利益较为一致时,非官方传播主体更容易达到“润物细无声”的理想境界。新闻媒体难以超越国家利益。

“总体战”贯穿于宏观、中观和微观层次的国际交往中。从具体作业看,西方学者认为,信仰、价值观和(或)动机共同塑造态度,而态度影响行为。虽然对外传播的终极目标是影响对方的行为,但这不可强求。传播目标要根据对方的信仰、价值观、动机和态度而定。传播目标因此可分为五个层次:动摇对方、减少对抗、改变态度、强化利我态度、催生利我行为。在其它条件不变的情况下,不同的传播目标需要不同的传播内容。

每个人都是特定群体、组织中的人,都会程度不同地受信息环境的影响。所以,针对不同的目标群体,我们需要采取多元化诉求策略,需要同时影响特定目标及其周边意见领袖,以防止舆论环境与我方影响相抵触。”总体战”要求通盘考虑传播作业的时间、空间、媒介等要素整合。传播作业强调技战术配合。由相同或不同的传播者,在相同或不同场合下,针对相同或不同的目标,通过相同或不同的媒介,传递相同或不同的信息,对传播效果的影响十分明显。

传播理论和传播模式在与时俱进,“善行外交”、“公共外交2.0”、“思想战”等新概念层出不穷。西方的传播作业早已进入运用实验、统计等加以论证的精密科学时代,其结果恰如马来西亚前总理马哈蒂尔所说,美国“垄断了一切理由”。对台售武有理、进攻伊拉克有理、出兵阿富汗有理、制裁朝鲜有理、支持达赖喇嘛有理,“发动战争来终止战争”也有理。在国际博弈中,只有有效“合法化”自己的权力、政策和行为,才能保障国家利益最大化。

至于中美关系,专门探讨中国事务的境外博客网站Fool’s Mountain 上常有精辟见解。博主r v认为,中美之间自20世纪八十年代末就已处于Cold Erosion War状态。他在答复笔者询问时解释说,此处的erosion大致相当于flooding(淹没),所以Cold Erosion War可以勉强译为“冷淹战”。他认为,美国一直在试图“淹没”中国,而中国也在试图“消蚀”美国的影响力。显然,r v所指的“冷淹战”是“冷战”的一种新形式,而“冷淹战”只能是“总体战”。

(©2010 版权所有。印刷媒体转载须经作者同意。毕研韬系海南大学传播学研究中心主任、【北京】三略研究院传播学研究所所长)

Apr 24

http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2010/04/22/national/w093551D72.DTL

The Obama administration on Thursday sought to block further court review in the case of five Chinese Muslims held at Guantanamo Bay who want to be sent to the United States or another country where they would like to live.

Before three federal appeals judges, a lawyer for the five ethnic Chinese Uighurs (pronounced WEE’-gurz) said his clients did not want to be resettled on the Pacific Ocean island of Palau and that they have a right to have their views taken into account by U.S. courts.

The government says it is trying to find a country that will accept the five, who fear their lives will be endangered if they are returned to China. The Obama administration has declared that the five pose no threat to the United States and should no longer be held as enemy combatants.

In court arguments, Judge A. Raymond Randolph seemed dismissive of the notion that the five men can use the court system in an effort to resettle in a country they find more desirable.

Bermuda would be “a really good deal,” Randolph scoffed.

There are important issues including “cultural affinity” regarding where the Uighurs wind up, replied Peter Sabin Willett, the lawyer for the Uighurs.

Willett pointed out that Bermuda offers jobs, a reference to the fact that four Uighurs from the U.S. detention facility at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, were resettled in Bermuda last June. Willett added that Palau would not offer citizenship to the Uighurs.

Six Uighurs from Guantanamo Bay were resettled in Palau last October, while the five in Thursday’s court case rejected Palau’s invitation. Under a deal worked out with the Obama administration, Palau agreed to accept only those Uighurs who wanted to go to the island nation.

Randolph and another member of the panel, Karen LeCraft Henderson, were appointed by President George H.W. Bush.

Judge Judith Rogers challenged the Obama administration’s position, telling Justice Department attorney Sharon Swingle that in the Uighurs’ view, what the U.S. government is doing is tantamount to “exile” rather than resettlement. Rogers said the government’s position was that no country that would accept the Uighurs would be regarded by the government to be inappropriate as a destination for the Uighurs.

Swingle disagreed, replying that, for example, only those countries where there was no potential for mistreatment would be considered.

Rogers was appointed by President Bill Clinton.

Apr 24

When I first moved to China to research and write my first novel, I never knew what to say when people asked how I was doing. The truth seemed weak and unwriterly: I was lonely and I wanted to go home.

Instead, I’d ramble about the strangeness of being Chinese American in China, the shocking intensity of Shanghai crowds even to a New Yorker, the absence of family, friends, schoolmates, colleagues. Once, I was rambling in this manner to a new acquaintance, a Shanghai native, when he shrugged and said, “You’re a linglei”—literally translated, a different species. It was a matter-of-fact statement, one that seemed, in two syllables, to sum up my existence.

Four years before, I’d moved to Beijing for a year of postgraduate study with some notions of mastering my mother tongue and reclaiming my heritage. I hadn’t expected to feel at home, but I hadn’t anticipated feeling quite so alien. Like most Asian Americans, I’d always been asked the question, “Where are you from?” with the expected answer being China, or someplace equally foreign. Now, this question was asked even more relentlessly of me by Chinese people in China, but the answer never satisfied them. But you don’t look American, they might say—or, You don’t sound Chinese. They’d assure me that I wasn’t really American, even as their suspicious expressions made clear that I certainly wasn’t really Chinese. Continue reading »

Apr 22

http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20100421/wl_asia_afp/taiwanchinapoliticseducation

Taiwanese Students studying in China is hardly a controversy, so much so that China doesn’t consider them as well as Hong Kong Students as “foreign.” So as a goodwill gesture between KMT and Beijing to allow Students from the Mainland to go to China, it has been met with some opposition from the DPP. Considering that there is such a shortage of students in Taiwan that they are considering to shut down some universities and this will help with Taiwan’s economy, this move by the DPP is like shooting themselves in the foot.

Apr 18

The stories out of Qinghai tell thousands of tragedies but also many small acts of heroism.  Since the story is developing, with people still being saved, and since I am not on the ground: I will refrain from writing or commenting on the disaster.  However, I will try to translate small stories here and there in the coming weeks to give people more of a flavor to what is going on on the ground.

The following is a short story filed by a reporter from Wuhan regarding his experience traveling to Qinghai to cover the earthquake. The story itself may not be a big deal, but it does detail one of the many spontaneous acts of kindred kindness that people across China are showing for the victims of the disaster. Continue reading »

Apr 15

Hongkonger sent me a link to Joe Wong, the first Chinese stand up comedian to become successful in the United States. This is his initial network television appearance on the Late Show With David Letterman.  After the jump, I’ve added an interview, another performance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and a quick comedy sketch of why Joe wants to run for President of the USA.

Continue reading »

Apr 14

The latest news clip on the disaster.

Some older clips following the jump.
Continue reading »

Apr 12

Taiwanese Pop Music

Written by: Steve | Filed under:culture, General, music, video | Tags:, , , , ,
58 Comments » newest

In the past, I’ve written posts about indie music in China, Taiwan and other Asian countries but I haven’t spent much time on pop music since it isn’t really my thing. But I feel it is time to include what is most popular in these countries and I’ll start off with Taiwan. What inspired me to do this? Well, I recently discovered that my brother-in-law’s wife’s cousin (Wen Shang Yi 溫尚翊 also known as Monster) is the lead guitarist and leader of a band called Mayday 五月天 that is quite popular in Taiwan. So as a loyal brother-in-law, I needed an excuse to feature them!

Continue reading »

Apr 10

In a Shanghai market, this lady selling chicken said, “If you buy more, I will sing a song for you” and launched into “Amazing Grace”. She’s from a rural village in Anhui province and doesn’t speak or read English. After she finished the song she said, “As long as everybody is happy.” (I hope this translation is correct. If not, please let me know)

Apologies for the cheesy Susan Boyle comparison in the video and the introduction of the song by a western singer before she launches into it. What impressed me the most about this lady was her great attitude.

Apr 10

Recently there were some news about cancelation of Bob Dylan’s concerts in China. Not surprisingly following the usual Western media narrative the dominate theme was the Chinese government had banned Bob Dylan because of censorship, Tibet, the usual.

However, the Chinese netters have been circulating a different story that appeared February this year (UPDATE: also covered by China Music Update in March). According to a music industry insider, Sun Mengjin, cancelation of Dylan’s China concerts had to do with the steep mark up by original concert rights holder (Brokers Brothers) rendering the concert not financially viable for local promoters, and out-of-control greediness in Chinese concert promotion industry:
Continue reading »

Apr 09

Lin Yu Chun is a contestant on Taiwan’s version of American Idol called Super Star Avenue. He’s quite young, a bit chubby with a bowl haircut, not the most likely candidate for stardom. But he does a dead on impersonation of Whitney Houston and has gone viral on You Tube with over 2 million…  5 million hits.

Apr 01

Political Prisoner?

Written by: Wukailong | Filed under:General, human rights, News, politics | Tags:, , ,
196 Comments » newest

This is a follow-up to a post earlier this month, “A political prisoner in Sweden.” I promised to translate the text of the sentence from the original, and have finally finished proofreading and putting in comments.

NOTE: I’ve changed the name of the indicted to his initials (BM). The reason for this is that, despite what he might have done, I don’t want people to find it out just by searching his name. I’m publishing it so that interested people on this forum can use it as a reference.